Transport of Free and Peptide-Bound Glycated Amino Acids: Synthesis, Transepithelial Flux at Caco-2 Cell Monolayers, and Interaction with Apical Membrane Transport Proteins

Research output: Contribution to journalResearch articleContributedpeer-review

Contributors

  • Michael Hellwig - , TUD Dresden University of Technology (Author)
  • Stefanie Geissler - , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (Author)
  • Rene Matthes - , TUD Dresden University of Technology (Author)
  • Anett Peto - , TUD Dresden University of Technology (Author)
  • Christoph Silow - , TUD Dresden University of Technology (Author)
  • Matthias Brandsch - , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (Author)
  • Thomas Henle - , TUD Dresden University of Technology (Author)

Abstract

In glycation reactions, the side chains of protein-bound nucleophilic amino acids such as lysine and arginine are post-translationally modified to a variety of derivatives also known as Maillard reaction products (MRPs). Considerable amounts of MRPs are taken up in food. Here we have studied the interactions of free and dipeptide-bound MRPs with intestinal transport systems. Free and dipeptide-bound derivatives of N-6-(1-fructosyl)-lysine (FL), N-6-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), N-6-(1-carboxyethyl)-lysine (CEL), formyline, argpyrimidine, and methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone 1 (MG-H1) were synthesized. The inhibition of l-[H-3] lysine and [C-14] glycylsarcosine uptakes was measured in Caco-2 cells which express the H+/peptide transporter PEPT1 and lysine transport system(s). Glycated amino acids always displayed lower affinities than their unmodified analogues towards the l-[H-3] lysine transporter(s). In contrast, all glycated dipeptides except Ala-FL were medium-to high-affinity inhibitors of [C-14] Gly-Sar uptake. The transepithelial flux of the derivatives across Caco-2 cell monolayers was determined. Free amino acids and intact peptides derived from CML and CEL were translocated to very small extents. Application of peptide-bound MRPs, however, led to elevation (up to 80-fold) of the net flux and intracellular accumulation of glycated amino acids, which were hydrolyzed from the dipeptides inside the cells. We conclude 1) that free MRPs are not substrates for the intestinal lysine transporter(s), and 2) that dietary MRPs are absorbed into intestinal cells in the form of dipeptides, most likely by the peptide transporter PEPT1. After hydrolysis, hydrophobic glycated amino acids such as pyrraline, formyline, maltosine, and argpyrimidine undergo basolateral efflux, most likely by simple diffusion down their concentration gradients.

Details

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1270-1279
Number of pages10
JournalChemBioChem
Volume12
Issue number8
Publication statusPublished - 16 May 2011
Peer-reviewedYes
Externally publishedYes

External IDs

Scopus 79955958974
ORCID /0000-0001-8528-6893/work/142256509

Keywords

Keywords

  • glycation, Maillard reaction, membranes, pept1, peptides, MAILLARD REACTION, END-PRODUCTS, OLIGOPEPTIDE TRANSPORTER, ENDPRODUCTS AGES, FOODS, RISK, IDENTIFICATION, METHYLGLYOXAL, PYRRALINE, AFFINITY