Sputtered Zero-Excess Electrodes with Metallic Seed Layers for Solid-State Sodium Batteries

Research output: Contribution to journalResearch articleContributedpeer-review

Contributors

  • Ansgar Lowack - , Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (Author)
  • Paula Grun - , Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (Author)
  • Rafael Anton - , Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (Author)
  • Henry Auer - , Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (Author)
  • Kristian Nikolowski - , Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (Author)
  • Mareike Partsch - , Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (Author)
  • Mihails Kusnezoff - , Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (Author)
  • Alexander Michaelis - , Chair of Inorganic Non-Metallic Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (Author)

Abstract

Abstract Zero-excess sodium metal solid-state batteries offer improved safety, lower cost, higher energy density, and reduced resource dependency compared to today's lithium-ion technology. This study demonstrates the fabrication of zero-excess electrodes with unprecedented stability during plating/stripping cycles. The fabrication process involves the sputter deposition of 20 nm metallic seed layers – zinc, silver, indium, or tin – onto NASICON (Na3.4Zr2Si2.4P0.6O12) ceramic separators, followed by the sputter deposition of a 30 μm copper current collector. The favorable influence of these seed layers on the in-situ formation of the sodium|NASICON interface is examined through nucleation and cycling experiments, with a sodium metal reservoir serving as the non-limiting counter electrode. Due to alloy formation the seed layers – particularly tin – stabilize sodium nucleation and cycling substantially and reduce dendrite formation compared to reference cells with bare copper current collectors. Sodium loss during cycling is primarily attributed to local cracking of the current collector and its partial delamination from the NASICON. Compared to polished NASICON, a roughened surface reduces the resistance e. g. of the counter electrode 200-fold to approx. 1 Ωcm2 at 3 MPa and suppresses delamination further.

Details

Original languageEnglish
Article numbere202400364
Number of pages16
JournalBatteries & supercaps
Volume8
Issue number5
Early online date25 Oct 2024
Publication statusPublished - May 2025
Peer-reviewedYes

External IDs

Scopus 85209641352

Keywords

Keywords

  • Sodium batteries, Solid-state, Zero-excess electrodes, Sputter deposition, Vapor deposition, Seed metals, Seed layers