Ionometallurgical Step-Electrodeposition of Zinc and Lead and its Application in a Cycling-Stable High-Voltage Zinc-Graphite Battery
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Contributors
Abstract
Ionometallurgy is a new development aiming at the sustainable low-temperature conversion of naturally occurring metal ores and minerals to their metals or valuable chemicals in ionic liquids (ILs) or deep eutectic solvents. The IL betainium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide, [Hbet][NTf2], is especially suited for this process due to its redox-stability and specific-functionalization. The potentiostatic electrodeposition of zinc and lead starting directly from ZnO and PbO, which dissolve in [Hbet][NTf2] in high concentrations is reported. The initial reduction potentials of zinc(II) and lead(II) are about −1.5 and −1.0 V, respectively. The ionic conductivity of the solution of ZnO in [Hbet][NTf2] is measured and the effect of various temperatures and potentials on the morphology of the deposited material is explored. The IL proves to be stable under the chosen conditions. From IL-solutions, where ZnO, PbO, and MgO have been dissolved, metallic Zn and Pb are deposited under potentiostatic control either consecutively by step-electrodeposition or together in a co-electrodeposition. Using the method, Zn is also deposited on 3D copper foam and assembles into high-voltage zinc-graphite battery. It exhibits a working-voltage up to 2.7 V, an output midpoint discharge-voltage of up to 2.16 V, up to 98.6% capacity-retention after 150 cycles, and good rate performance.
Details
Original language | English |
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Article number | 2102058 |
Journal | Small |
Volume | 17 |
Issue number | 36 |
Publication status | Published - 9 Sept 2021 |
Peer-reviewed | Yes |
External IDs
PubMed | 34323367 |
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ORCID | /0000-0002-2391-6025/work/159171957 |
Keywords
ASJC Scopus subject areas
Keywords
- high-voltage zinc-graphite batteries, ionometallurgy, step-electrodeposition, task-specific ionic liquids, zinc electrodeposition from ZnO