The importance of murine phospho-MLKL-S345 in situ detection for necroptosis assessment in vivo

Research output: Contribution to journalResearch articleContributedpeer-review

Contributors

  • Konstantinos Kelepouras - (Author)
  • Julia Saggau - (Author)
  • Ana Beatriz Varanda - (Author)
  • Matea Zrilic - (Author)
  • Christine Kiefer - (Author)
  • Hassan Rakhsh-Khorshid - (Author)
  • Ina Lisewski - (Author)
  • Iratxe Uranga-Murillo - (Author)
  • Maykel Arias - (Author)
  • Julian Pardo - (Author)
  • Wulf Tonnus - , Department of Internal Medicine III (Author)
  • Andreas Linkermann - , Department of Internal Medicine III, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (Author)
  • Alessandro Annibaldi - (Author)
  • Henning Walczak - (Author)
  • Gianmaria Liccardi - (Author)

Abstract

Necroptosis is a caspase-independent modality of cell death implicated in many inflammatory pathologies. The execution of this pathway requires the formation of a cytosolic platform that comprises RIPK1 and RIPK3 which, in turn, mediates the phosphorylation of the pseudokinase MLKL (S345 in mouse). The activation of this executioner is followed by its oligomerisation and accumulation at the plasma-membrane where it leads to cell death via plasma-membrane destabilisation and consequent permeabilisation. While the biochemical and cellular characterisation of these events have been amply investigated, the study of necroptosis involvement in vivo in animal models is currently limited to the use of Mlkl−/− or Ripk3−/− mice. Yet, even in many of the models in which the involvement of necroptosis in disease aetiology has been genetically demonstrated, the fundamental in vivo characterisation regarding the question as to which tissue(s) and specific cell type(s) therein is/are affected by the pathogenic necroptotic death are missing. Here, we describe and validate an immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence-based method to reliably detect the phosphorylation of mouse MLKL at serine 345 (pMLKL-S345). We first validate the method using tissues derived from mice in which Caspase-8 (Casp8) or FADD are specifically deleted from keratinocytes, or intestinal epithelial cells, respectively. We next demonstrate the presence of necroptotic activation in the lungs of SARS-CoV-infected mice and in the skin and spleen of mice bearing a Sharpin inactivating mutation. Finally, we exclude necroptosis occurrence in the intestines of mice subjected to TNF-induced septic shock. Importantly, by directly comparing the staining of pMLKL-345 with that of cleaved Caspase-3 staining in some of these models, we identify spatio-temporal and functional differences between necroptosis and apoptosis supporting a role of RIPK3 in inflammation independently of MLKL versus the role of RIPK3 in activation of necroptosis.

Details

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)897–909
Number of pages13
JournalCell Death and Differentiation
Volume31
Issue number7
Early online date23 May 2024
Publication statusPublished - Jul 2024
Peer-reviewedYes

External IDs

Scopus 85193970054
ORCID /0000-0001-6287-9725/work/182336078
PubMed 38783091

Keywords