The effects of traveling in different transport modes on galvanic skin response (GSR) as a measure of stress: An observational study

Research output: Contribution to journalResearch articleContributedpeer-review

Contributors

  • Xiuleng Yang - , Imperial College London (Author)
  • Emma McCoy - , Imperial College London (Author)
  • Esther Anaya-Boig - , Imperial College London (Author)
  • Ione Avila-Palencia - , Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) Hospital Clínic, Drexel University (Author)
  • Christian Brand - , University of Oxford (Author)
  • Glòria Carrasco-Turigas - , Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) Hospital Clínic, CIBER - Center for Biomedical Research Network, Pompeu Fabra University (Author)
  • Evi Dons - , Hasselt University, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Author)
  • Regine Gerike - , Chair of Mobility System Planning (Author)
  • Thomas Goetschi - , University of Oregon (Author)
  • Mark Nieuwenhuijsen - , Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) Hospital Clínic, CIBER - Center for Biomedical Research Network, Pompeu Fabra University (Author)
  • Juan Pablo Orjuela - , University of Oxford (Author)
  • Luc Int Panis - , Hasselt University, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Author)
  • Arnout Standaert - , Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Author)
  • Audrey de Nazelle - , Imperial College London (Author)

Abstract

Background: Stress is one of many ailments associated with urban living, with daily travel a potential major source. Active travel, nevertheless, has been associated with lower levels of stress compared to other modes. Earlier work has relied on self-reported measures of stress, and on study designs that limit our ability to establish causation. Objectives: To evaluate effects of daily travel in different modes on an objective proxy measure of stress, the galvanic skin response (GSR). Methods: We collected data from 122 participants across 3 European cities as part of the Physical Activity through Sustainable Transport Approaches (PASTA) study, including: GSR measured every minute alongside confounders (physical activity, near-body temperature) during three separate weeks covering 3 seasons; sociodemographic and travel information through questionnaires. Causal relationships between travel in different modes (the “treatment”) and stress were established by using a propensity score matching (PSM) approach to adjust for potential confounding and estimating linear mixed models (LMM) with individuals as random effects to account for repeated measurements. In three separate analyses, we compared GSR while cycling to not cycling, then walking to not walking then motorized (public or private) travel to any activity other than motorized travel. Results: Depending on LMM formulations used, cycling reduces 1-minute GSR by 5.7% [95% CI: 2.0–16.9%] to 11.1% [95% CI: 5.0–24.4%] compared to any other activity. Repeating the analysis for other modes we find that: walking is also beneficial, reducing GSR by 3.9% [95% CI: 1.4–10.7%] to 5.7% [95% CI: 2.6–12.3%] compared to any other activity; motorized mode (private or public) in reverse increases GSR by up to 1.1% [95% CI: 0.5–2.9%]. Discussion: Active travel offers a welcome way to reduce stress in urban dwellers’ daily lives. Stress can be added to the growing number of evidence-based reasons for promoting active travel in cities.

Details

Original languageEnglish
Article number106764
JournalEnvironment international
Volume156
Publication statusPublished - Nov 2021
Peer-reviewedYes

External IDs

PubMed 34273874

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Keywords

  • Active travel, Cycling, Propensityscores, Stress reduction, Walking