Agricultural production in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) remains below food demand for a population exceeding 95 million, partly because a large share of crops is cultivated on highly weathered, acidic soils with low nutrient reserves. In southeastern DRC, termite mounds built by Macrotermes falciger have traditionally been integrated into agriculture as localized fertile patches, especially by cropping on, around, or near mounds. In mechanized cropping systems, however, mounds are increasingly levelled to expand arable land and redistribute termite mound material (TMM) as a soil amendment. This review evaluates the agronomic value, risks, and sustainability limits of TMM use and compares it with locally available mineral and biological alternatives. Compared with adjacent soils, TMM often has higher pH, calcium carbonate, exchangeable base cations, cation exchange capacity, 2:1 clay minerals, and plant-beneficial microorganisms. These properties can improve nutrient availability and crop performance, but benefits depend on mound activity status, material composition, soil type, dosage, application method, and post-application management. The main risks include structural degradation after spreading (slaking, crusting, compaction), uncertain persistence of fertility gains, potential metal contamination, and loss of active termite habitats. Since Macrotermes mounds are effectively non-renewable on human timescales, TMM use cannot be treated as a generally sustainable input; it requires conservative, site-specific management, and priority conservation of active mounds. We propose a research agenda to quantify short- and long-term effects of TMM on soil functions, biodiversity, crop yields, and human-health risks, and to develop context-specific guidelines. Rock powders, organic amendments, and locally adapted microbial inoculants are highlighted as complementary or substitute options. They can reduce pressure on termite mounds while supporting ecological intensification of agriculture in the DRC and in comparable tropical agroecosystems.