Structural Analysis of Aerographite Solar Sail Topologies

Research output: Contribution to journalResearch articleContributedpeer-review

Contributors

Abstract

Conventional reflective solar sails rely on flat sail surfaces (two-dimensional) to maximize the thrust generated by radiation impact. Total reflection results in maximum thrust, while an angled sail creates an angled thrust vector that can be used for attitude control. Long, heavy structures are required to keep the sail deployed due to the acting solar radiation pressure.With the introduction of Aerographite as a solar sail material candidate, this premise changes. The carbon-based structure of Aerographite is black in the visible spectrum and absorbs almost all incoming photons. For absorbing solar sails the angle between the sail’s plane and the radiation vector is irrelevant, as only the exposed cross-sectional area matters. The thrust vector follows the radiation vector. Aerographite solar sails therefore could be designed as three-dimensional, rotationally symmetrical, hollow structures. This potentially reduces acting stresses in the sail material and allows to remove supporting structures. Furthermore, this leads to an increase in performance by reducing the mass and could be a step towards interplanetary solar sail propulsion.To validate this hypothesis, FEM simulations were created to calculate the maximum stresses (Rankine theory) for various topologies and payload attachment methods, including spherical and ellipsoidal, as well as toroidal and conical shapes.It is shown that the stresses were reduced significantly throughout all simulation parameters (e.g. sail diameter and material thickness), compared to a two-dimensional flat Aerographite sail. The best stress results were achieved for a semi-spherical sail with stresses below (Formula presented) for all configurations with a maximum relative deformation of less than 0.3%. The best results regarding the thrust-to-weight ratio of an Aerographite sail were achieved with an oblate conical shape, with maximum stresses below (Formula presented) and relative deformations of less than 0.5%. A conical shape has significant mass advantages due to the volume being half as big as for a semi-sphere. Therefore, an oblate conical shape with marginally worse stress performance was identified as the best candidate for an Aerographite solar sail design.

Details

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)606-614
Number of pages9
JournalActa Astronautica
Volume247
Early online date30 Mar 2026
Publication statusE-pub ahead of print - 30 Mar 2026
Peer-reviewedYes

External IDs

Scopus 105039835851
ORCID /0000-0002-7406-7588/work/217237017

Keywords

Keywords

  • Solar sails, Interplanetary propulsion, Aerographite, Mechanical stress analysis