Republication de: The “Sniffin’ Kids-PT” test: A smell test variant for Portuguese children

Research output: Contribution to journalResearch articleContributedpeer-review

Contributors

  • J. P. Carneiro - , University of Coimbra (Author)
  • J. C. Carvalho - , University of Coimbra (Author)
  • S. P. Carneiro - , USF Horizonte ACES Matosinhos (Author)
  • I. Eloi - , University of Coimbra (Author)
  • C. Silva - , University of Coimbra (Author)
  • L. Silva - , University of Coimbra (Author)
  • T. Hummel - , Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Author)
  • J. C. Ribeiro - , University of Coimbra (Author)

Abstract

Objective: Olfactory tests tailored for children are essential, as diagnosing olfactory dysfunction at these ages can be challenging. The 16-item “Sniffin’ Sticks” is reliable and easy to perform. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no validated olfactory test for the Portuguese pediatric population. This study aimed to adapt and validate the “Sniffin’ Sticks” olfactory test for the Portuguese pediatric population. Methods: Between August 2020 and September 2021, 354 children aged between 6 and 17 years old enrolled in the study, 336 healthy children with a normal sense of smell, and 18 anosmic children with Kallmann syndrome. The study consisted of two parts. Firstly, the “Sniffin’ Sticks” olfactory identification test was applied to healthy children and the odors with statistically significant low identification rates were excluded. A modified version of “Sniffin’ Sticks” was defined and named “Sniffin’ Kids-PT” test. Secondly, normative data were assessed and test-retest and validation tests were performed. Results: Apple and Cloves odors were identified with a low rate and were excluded from the “Sniffin’ Sticks” olfactory test. In the modified 14-item “Sniffin’ Kids-PT”, scoring < 6 (from 6–8 years old), < 7 (from 9–11 years old) or < 8 (from 12–14 years old and 15–17 years old) was indicative of olfactory dysfunction. The test–retest reliability was good (r = 0.81; P < 0.001) and the differences between scores of healthy children and anosmic children were statistically significant (U213 = 13.00; P < 0.001). Conclusion: The modified “Sniffin’ Kids-PT” is a reliable test to discriminate between normosmia and olfactory dysfunction in Portuguese children over 5 years old.

Details

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)66-72
Number of pages7
JournalAnnales Francaises d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-Faciale
Volume141
Issue number2
Publication statusPublished - Apr 2024
Peer-reviewedYes

External IDs

ORCID /0000-0001-9713-0183/work/156813775
Mendeley af50ca2b-0c90-3616-8618-68cbed6022a1

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Keywords

  • Children, Cultural adaptation, Odor identification, Olfactory test, Sniffin’ Kids, Sniffin’ Sticks