Probing Steady-State Carrier Properties and Charge Transport in Covalent Organic Framework by Frequency-Domain Terahertz Spectroscopy

Research output: Contribution to journalResearch articleContributedpeer-review

Contributors

  • Satyapriya Nath - , National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (Author)
  • Saiprakash Rout - , National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (Author)
  • Mahalaxmi Samal - , National Institute of Science Education and Research (Author)
  • Snehal Haldankar - , Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (Author)
  • Md Habib Ahsan - , Homi Bhabha National Institute, National Institute of Science Education and Research (Author)
  • Anol Mondal - , Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (Author)
  • Sudeep Tiwari - , Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (Author)
  • Adithyan Puthukkudi - , National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (Author)
  • K. V. Avani - , National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (Author)
  • Ashis K. Nandy - , Homi Bhabha National Institute, National Institute of Science Education and Research (Author)
  • Shriganesh S. Prabhu - , Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (Author)
  • Himansu S. Biswal - , National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (Author)
  • Xinliang Feng - , Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Chair of Molecular Functional Materials (gB MPI-MSP), Chair of Molecular Functional Materials (cfaed), Max Planck Institute of Micostructure Physics (Author)
  • Bishnu P. Biswal - , National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (Author)

Abstract

Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is an emerging tool for probing charge transport and optical properties in covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Existing studies have predominantly relied on time-resolved THz spectroscopy (TRTS) to investigate photoexcited carriers, with only one report on time-dependent THz spectroscopy (TDTS) to understand ground-state carriers within a narrow spectral window. Frequency-domain THz spectroscopy (FDTS), which offers high spectral resolution across the far–infrared-THz range remains unexplored. Herein, we employ FDTS to investigate steady-state carrier transport in a COF (TTC-PD) and amorphous frameworks (TTC-DTO and TTC-PD (amor)), along with their molecular analogues. Frequency-dependent optical constants and complex conductivity were extracted using Kramers–Kronig transformations (KKT) and validated by TDTS. Despite stronger carrier localization, TTC-DTO exhibits higher intrinsic conductivity due to increased carrier density, whereas TTC-PD shows lower conductivity but higher mobility arising from more delocalized transport pathways. This conceptual study demonstrates the potential of FDTS and TDTS as a combined and complementary platform for comprehensive analysis of the ground state charge transport properties of frameworks across the extended THz regime.

Details

Original languageEnglish
Article numbere3669544
JournalAngewandte Chemie - International Edition
Publication statusE-pub ahead of print - May 2026
Peer-reviewedYes

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Keywords

  • charge transport, covalent organic framework, frequency domain THz spectroscopy, steady-state carrier properties, terahertz spectroscopy