Photovoltaic technologies have emerged as crucial solutions to the global energy crisis and climate change challenges. Although silicon-based solar cells have long dominated the market, metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly advanced as a promising alternative. Despite their relatively short history, PSCs are progressing at an unprecedented rate, driven by global research efforts that capitalize on their unique advantages. These innovative cells offer lower manufacturing costs, simpler fabrication processes and greater mechanical flexibility compared with traditional silicon cells. Remarkably, their power conversion efficiency has recently surpassed 26%, approaching that of silicon cells. This Primer outlines the diverse fabrication methods for high-performance PSCs, focusing on three key components: the photoactive layer, charge-transporting layers and electrodes. The photoactive layer, typically made of ABX₃ perovskite materials, is crucial for light absorption and forms the cornerstone of device functionality. Charge-transporting layers, specifically the electron and hole transport layers, facilitate efficient charge movement and mitigate recombination losses, enhancing overall cell performance. Electrodes, traditionally formed by pure metals or metal oxides, complete the cell structure and govern additional functionalities, such as mechanical flexibility and cell transparency. This Primer concludes by examining current limitations and offers insights into the future prospects of PSCs.