Apart from nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea, itching and sneezing are main symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Apparently, activation of the central nervous system plays a major role in the pathophysiology of this process. It is known that itching and sneezing are primarily mediated by the trigeminal system. The afferent trigerninal fibers are composed of myelated A delta fibers and thin, non-myelated C fibers which are activated by polymodal nociceptors. Furthermore, there is strong evidence in animal-experimental studies showing that afferent trigeminal C fibers participate in the local inflammation by liberating neuropeptides, e.g. substance P (SP) or calcitonine gene-related peptide (CGRP) (concept of the "neurogenic inflammation"). These neurcitransmitters themselves have a potential effect on the allergic inflammation cascade and may modulate the immunologic response. The knowledge of these interactions could explain the role of the psychological impact in the inflammatory process of allergic rhinitis and asthma. The present paper describes the (micro-) anatomy and the nasal innervation under normal conditions and shows an overview about the activation of itching and sneezing via the trigeminal system. In addition, the possible effects of this trigeminal activation on the local inflammation process via neuropeptides, e.g. SP and CGRP, are discussed. It might be hypothesized that in the future the modulation of these neuropeptides due to the "neurogenic inflammation" might become one possible clue in treatment of atopy diseases.