Integrated scheduling and bidding of power and reserve of energy resource aggregators with storage plants

Research output: Contribution to journalResearch articleContributedpeer-review

Contributors

Abstract

Participants in energy auction markets must simultaneously decide on the quantity and price of their offers while attempting to ensure bid acceptance through the market clearing process. To participate profitably in these markets, energy resource aggregators require accurate knowledge about the costs and quantity of electricity that can be produced and consumed, i.e., knowledge about scheduling decisions. When scheduling and bidding decisions are combined, complex interdependencies arise. Integrated scheduling and bidding with pay-as-bid remuneration has long been treated as a non-linear problem. However, by sampling stochastic parameter distributions, a practical and useful mixed-integer linear programming formulation for the integrated problem can be derived. Within the sampled distribution, the integrated model produces a priori optimal expected profit decisions. Recently, such a linear formulation for a price-taker with pay-as-bid remuneration was proposed for the first time. Our contribution completes that formulation to guarantee non-anticipativity, standardizes it with uniform remuneration, and extends it to integrated scheduling and bidding of energy and control reserve. An additional focus is placed on reserve provision through storage plants. A novel reserve scheduling model with reserve availability guarantees is introduced. This allows for leveraging the full flexibility of storage plants and, simultaneously, reveals information about the direction of reserve power flows. The integrated model is validated in a case study based on real-world data by investigating trade-offs for scheduling and bidding decisions through analysis of the Pareto front of three competing objectives. The results show that a large proportion of bids are placed at price levels with high acceptance probability, which reduces risk. Decreasing storage utilization rates increase risk and reduce solution robustness because of lost flexibility, and result in increased reserve market participation.

Details

Original languageEnglish
Article number119285
JournalApplied Energy
Volume321
Issue number321
Publication statusPublished - 1 Sept 2022
Peer-reviewedYes

External IDs

Scopus 85131449150
Mendeley 68a983c0-67ce-3b8b-9a94-3221103de950

Keywords

DFG Classification of Subject Areas according to Review Boards

Subject groups, research areas, subject areas according to Destatis

Keywords

  • Bid acceptance, Bidding curves, Pay-as-bid remuneration, Price-taker, Reserve activation, Stochastic mixed-integer linear program