Mongolian grasslands and arid rangelands cover 80% of the country’s area at an estimated 1.2 million km2. They are still relatively intact, with largely natural environmental conditions and natural structure, and the country has declared >17% of its territory as conservation area. The region has an extremely continental climate with absolute temperatures fluctuating between −50°C and +45°C, and <350mm rainfall per year. Botanically, Mongolia is located at the intersection between three different subkingdoms (i.e., the Boreal, Tethyan, and East Asian subkingdoms) of the Holarctic realm. Nomadic herders use these pastures since the Bronze Age and livestock grazing has been the dominant human impact in Mongolian grasslands until now, with the national herd comprising >65Mio. animals in 2018. Overgrazing has become a major problem in parts of the steppe ecosystem, impacting fauna and flora and leading to a higher vulnerability of herds to mass mortality in harsh winters. Global warming is another major global change impact in Mongolia.