Evolutionary processes are characterised by genuine uncertainty. Consequently, economic policy must take into account that environmental conditions and alternatives for action are often indeterminate. Scientifically sound concepts, methods and instruments are needed that take into account the partial openness of economic processes in real time. This editorial introduction provides a brief summary of the main findings of the individual articles in this special issue. Although each contribution can only highlight a specific problem, taken together they impressively demonstrate the relevance and urgency of developing a truly evolutionary perspective on economic policy.