Ants (Formicidae) are fundamental components of almost every terrestrial ecosystem, especially in the tropics. While epigaeic ants are extensively studied, hypogaeic, soil living ants are still neglected to a large extent. To remedy this, in this paper we explore the effects of rainforest transformation cash crop monocultures on abundance, richness and community composition of soil living ants (Formicidae). Ants in this study were procured as a by-product of extensive sampling of soil meso- and macrofauna along a land-use gradient from lowland rainforest via jungle rubber to monocultures of rubber and oil palm in Jami Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Sampled in 32 plots of 50 ∗ 50 m each, with three 16 cm ∗ 16 cm ∗ 5 cm soil cores each, we collected 2.079 worker ant individuals, belonging to 90 morphospecies from 37 genera and six subfamilies. Land use had a significant effect on abundance and richness, while distance-based community composition was not affected. Cumulatively, lowland rainforest had the highest number of ant species exclusively living in it, and the highest average ant abundance, although multiple comparison tests did not detect significant differences. We also found highest species richness in the lowland rainforest in one of the two investigated landscapes, while not significantly different from the agricultural systems in the other. High abundance variances among the sample sites suggest inadequacy of the sampling method, however. Despite that, our study provides a first glimpse into hypogaeic ant community responses to rainforest conversion to cash crop monocultures in Sumatra, Indonesia.