The S=1/2 Heisenberg spin chain compound SrCuO2 doped with different amounts of nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), zinc (Zn), and cobalt (Co) has been studied by means of Cu nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Replacing only a few of the S=1/2 Cu ions with Ni, Pd, Zn, or Co has a major impact on the magnetic properties of the spin chain system. In the case of Ni, Pd, and Zn an unusual line broadening in the low temperature NMR spectra reveals the existence of an impurity-induced local alternating magnetization (LAM), while strongly decaying spin-lattice relaxation rates T1-1 towards low temperatures indicate the opening of spin gaps. A distribution of gap magnitudes is implied by a stretched spin-lattice relaxation and a variation of T1-1 within the broad resonance lines. These observations depend strongly on the impurity concentration and therefore can be understood using the model of finite segments of the spin 1/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain, i.e., pure chain segmentation due to S=0 impurities. This is surprising for Ni as it was previously assumed to be a magnetic impurity with S=1 which is screened by the neighboring copper spins. In order to confirm the S=0 state of the Ni, we performed x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and compared the measurements to simulated XAS spectra based on multiplet ligand-field theory. Furthermore, Zn doping leads to much smaller effects on both the NMR spectra and the spin-lattice relaxation rates, indicating that Zn avoids occupying Cu sites. For magnetic Co impurities, T1-1 does not obey the gaplike decrease, and the low-temperature spectra get very broad. This could be related to an increase of the Néel temperature and is most likely an effect of the impurity spin S≠0.