Goal-directed behavior is affected by subliminally and consciously induced conflicts. Both seem to be modulated by catecholamines, especially dopamine. On the basis of cognitive theoretical and neurobiological considerations, we investigated the effects of dopamine D1 and D2 signaling with the help of unweighted polygenic scores in n = 207 healthy young human subjects. We used a task that combines subliminal primes with conscious flankers to induce conflicts. Dopamine D1 scores were formed based on DRD1 rs4532, CALY rs2298122 and TH rs10770141 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), while dopamine D2 scores were formed based on DRD2 rs6277 and NPY2R rs2234759 SNPs. We used EEG recordings and source localization analyses to identify differentially modulated neurophysiological sub-processes and functional neuroanatomical structures. Increased dopamine D1 signaling was associated with decreases in consciously induced conflicts. This decrease was due to enhanced stimulus-response mapping in the premotor cortex (BA6), as reflected by an increased P3 amplitude in incongruent trials. Attentional processes remained unaffected by dopamine D1 signaling. The effect of dopamine D2 signaling on conscious conflicts did not reach significance. Subliminally induced conflicts were neither modulated by dopamine D1, nor by dopamine D2 signaling. Our findings suggest that dopamine D1 signaling benefits consciously induced conflicts, presumably by improving the suppression of distracting information via gain control-initiated increases in top-down control processes associated with pre-motor regions. Dopamine D2 signaling does not seem to mediate behavioral differences. Probably, this is because the D2 state facilitates switching between (conflicting) top-down-selected mental representations, but not necessarily between top-down processes and bottom-up distractor information.