A pyrene-capped polystyrene (PyPS) is synthesized by an anionic polymerization method and acts as dispersant for dispersion of pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Through a well-known it-stacking interaction confirmed qualitatively by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and fluoroscopic analyses, PyPS is strongly but noncovalently adsorbed onto the nanotube surface, affording highly uniform and stable SWCNT dispersion in chloroform with the nanotube content as high as 250 +/- 30 mg L-1. Since no direct chemical reaction takes place on the nanotubes, their intrinsic electronic structure is maintained, thus ensuring them as functional fillers for application in conductive polymer composites. The so-obtained dispersion is subsequently used to prepare polystyrene matrix composites. A solution-based process adopted here preserves the good nanotube dispersing state in dispersion into the composites. Hence, the resultant composites show good optical transmittance and a low electrical percolation threshold of 0.095 wt.% SWCNTs. In comparison, the composites with absence of PyPS prepared by the same process have a relatively high percolation threshold of 0.28 wt.% SWCNTs. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.