Cellulose carbonates as a platform compound open new possibilities for the design of advanced materials based on the most important renewable resource cellulose. In the present feature, the chemistry of cellulose carbonates is discussed considering own research results adequately. After a short overview about methods for activation of polysaccharides for a conversion with nucleophilic compounds in particlur with amines, details about various methods for the synthesis of polysaccharide carbonates are discussed. The main issue of the feature is the synthesis and aminolysis of cellulose carbonates with low, intermediate, and high degree of substitution and the evaluation of this chemistry with respect to specific challenges. Functional cellulose carbamates, obtained from cellulose phenyl carbonate by aminolysis, show the potential use of this class of celluloses. Immunoassays and zwitterionic polymers are included as representative examples regarding properties and application of the new cellulose-based products.