Can immersive olfactory training serve as an alternative treatment for patients with smell dysfunction?

Research output: Contribution to journalResearch articleContributedpeer-review

Contributors

  • Yun Ting Chao - , TUD Dresden University of Technology, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (Author)
  • Freya Aden - , Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, TUD Dresden University of Technology (Author)
  • Önder Göktas - , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Author)
  • Friedemann Schmidt - , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Author)
  • Gökhan Göktas - , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Author)
  • Miroslav Jurkov - , Agaplesion evangelisches Krankenhaus (Author)
  • Wolfgang Georgsdorf - , Osmodrama Labs (Author)
  • Thomas Hummel - , Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, TUD Dresden University of Technology (Author)

Abstract

Objectives: Olfactory training (OT) has emerged as a first-line therapeutic approach to the management of olfactory dysfunction. Conventional OT (COT) involves the systematic home-based exposure to four distinct odors. Previous research has demonstrated that immersive OT (IOT) involving full-body exposure to dozens of distinct odors could also improve overall olfactory function. This study compared IOT and COT in terms of efficacy. Methods: A total of 60 patients were enrolled and assigned to three groups. The IOT group (n = 25) underwent immersive exposure to 64 odors once daily in a specialized theater. COT participants (n = 17) sniffed four typical odors in a set of four jars twice daily at home. A control group (n = 18) underwent passive observation. Olfactory function was assessed before and after training. Results: Significant improvements in composite threshold-discrimination-identification (TDI) scores were observed after training in both the IOT (mean difference = 2.5 ± 1.1. p =.030) and COT (mean difference = 4.2 ± 1.3, p =.002) groups. No changes were observed in the control group. A significantly higher proportion of patients in the COT group (41%) presented improvements of clinical importance (TDI ≥5.5) compared to the controls (p =.018). The improvements attained in the IOT group (20%) were less pronounced (p =.38). Conclusion: While IOT did not exhibit the same efficacy as COT in restoring olfactory function, it still demonstrated promising outcomes. Future efforts to advance olfactory recovery should focus on cross-modal integration. Level of Evidence: Level 3.

Details

Original languageEnglish
Article numbere1270
JournalLaryngoscope investigative otolaryngology
Volume9
Issue number3
Publication statusPublished - Jun 2024
Peer-reviewedYes

External IDs

ORCID /0000-0001-9713-0183/work/162348753

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Keywords

  • olfactory dysfunction, olfactory training, Sniffin' Sticks