Beat-to-Beat Blood Pressure Estimation by Photoplethysmography and Its Interpretation

Research output: Contribution to journalResearch articleContributedpeer-review

Contributors

  • Vincent Fleischhauer - , Chair of Biomedical Engineering, Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts (Author)
  • Aarne Feldheiser - , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, KEM | Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte (Author)
  • Sebastian Zaunseder - , Chair of Biomedical Engineering, Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts (Author)

Abstract

Blood pressure (BP) is among the most important vital signals. Estimation of absolute BP solely using photoplethysmography (PPG) has gained immense attention over the last years. Available works differ in terms of used features as well as classifiers and bear large differences in their results. This work aims to provide a machine learning method for absolute BP estimation, its interpretation using computational methods and its critical appraisal in face of the current literature. We used data from three different sources including 273 subjects and 259,986 single beats. We extracted multiple features from PPG signals and its derivatives. BP was estimated by xgboost regression. For interpretation we used Shapley additive values (SHAP). Absolute systolic BP estimation using a strict separation of subjects yielded a mean absolute error of (Formula presented.) and correlation of (Formula presented.). The results markedly improve if data separation is changed (MAE: (Formula presented.), r: (Formula presented.)). Interpretation by means of SHAP revealed four features from PPG, its derivation and its decomposition to be most relevant. The presented approach depicts a general way to interpret multivariate prediction algorithms and reveals certain features to be valuable for absolute BP estimation. Our work underlines the considerable impact of data selection and of training/testing separation, which must be considered in detail when algorithms are to be compared. In order to make our work traceable, we have made all methods available to the public.

Details

Original languageEnglish
Article number7037
JournalSensors
Volume22
Issue number18
Publication statusPublished - 17 Sept 2022
Peer-reviewedYes

External IDs

Scopus 85138350785
PubMed 36146386

Keywords

Research priority areas of TU Dresden

DFG Classification of Subject Areas according to Review Boards

Subject groups, research areas, subject areas according to Destatis

Sustainable Development Goals

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Keywords

  • Blood Pressure, Photoplethysmografie