The Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) was the first Earth-orbiting laser altimeter mission in space. The following work is dedicated to the ICESat-altimetry data in order to demonstrate their full potential for the investigation of glaciological implications in polar regions. The primary science objective of the mission was to focus on the mass balances of the Greenland Ice Sheet and the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Both of them play a key role in the Earth's climate system. Firstly, the ICESat elevation profiles covering the Lake Vostok region are analysed in more detail. The Lake Vostok is the largest known subglacial lake in Antarctica to date. Due to a fast and strong degradation of the laser energy, the ICESat elevation measurements are affected by offsets. The estimated offsets between the laser operational periods vary between -7.5 und +13.9 cm. Therefore, they can't be neglected in the view of precise mass change determinations for ice sheets. In addition, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the ice surface topography is generated on the basis of the adjusted elevation profiles. The DEM is analysed in more detail. Furthermore, the DEM forms the basis for the investigation of glaciological implications. In combination with an ice-thickness model and a regional geoid model the hydrostatic equilibrium condition is evaluated. It turns out, that the ice sheet covering the lake fulfils the hydrostatic equilibrium condition within ±1 m for large parts of the lake. Beside this, positive and negative deviations are found in the northern and southern part of the lake. Secondly, ice surface height changes and their temporal variations are inferred for the Greenland ice sheet. This investigation is based on a refined repeat-track analysis in order to exploit the full potential of ICESat's altimetry data. To reduce the influence of the local topography corresponding measurements along the track are fitted to a mathematical model, consisting of three components. For the entire ice sheet a mean surface height trend of -13.0±0.5 cm/yr is determined. The largest changes are identified at the coastal margins of the ice sheet. Using the ice surface height changes long-term volume- and mass-change rates are inferred. For this purpose the density of pure ice is used for the volume-mass-conversion. The overall long-term mass change rate amounts to -209.5±35.6 Gt/yr. This is equivalent to an eustatic sea level rise of +0.6±0.1 mm/yr. A third approach analyses ICESat elevation profiles over the Amery ice shelf. The method is based on a cross-correlation analysis of different ICESat repeat cycle in order to determine the ice flow velocity along the track. This method is applied to reference track 49. The investigation reveals that between 71.7° S and 70.1° S along the reference track, the ice-flow velocity increases from about +0.83±0.09 m/d to +1.02±0.06 m/d. These results are in general good agreement with velocities derived from an independent velocity field.