Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are severe diseases that predominantly affect young women and are often associated with severe psychological, somatic and social consequences. The standard treatment for both disorders is guideline psychotherapy. Objective: The aim of this study is to present the treatment prevalence and care situation of patients with AN or BN in Saxony, to show which specialist disciplines make the initial diagnosis of these diseases and which factors influence the referral to psychotherapeutic treatment. Material and methods: Based on routine data of the statutory health insurance fund AOK PLUS, the prevalence of outpatients with AN and BN was determined among all insured persons treated in Saxony in the period from 2009 to 2014 and examined according to age, gender and place of residence of the patient. Furthermore, the medical specialists who made the diagnoses for the first time and the utilization of outpatient psychotherapy after initial outpatient diagnosis were investigated. Results and conclusion: The treatment prevalence of AN and BN showed a significant increase for female patients from 2009 to 2014, whereas the much lower treatment prevalence for male patients remained stable. The treatment prevalence for both diagnoses was significantly higher in large cities than in other regions. Almost half of the eating disorders were diagnosed by general practitioners and another 20–25% by specialists for psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy. Only 25% of the AN patients and 33% of the BN patients underwent guideline psychotherapy within the first year after diagnosis.