The influence of the employment context on adult development (e.g., cognition, personality) has received increasing attention as one of the major contextual influences of adult life. Reciprocally, the relationship between age or aging, respectively, and employment outcomes (i.e., productivity) has increased in importance for companies and policy makers in light of falling birth rates and lengthened life spans. This chapter discusses the interplay between work and the psychological aspects of aging, focusing on work in the form of paid employment and to a lesser extent on post-retirement volunteering. It reviews evidence that for better or worse, work experiences are one important source for adult development. Most of the evidence presented has referred to work in the sense of paid employment and to some extent to work in the sense of volunteering, although many of the mechanisms and trends described are also more generally applicable to other forms of productive activity. It also reviews evidence that older workers and adult development can positively contribute to the work domain. This view becomes particularly apparent when one considers "productivity" in a wider sense, both within the work context. © 2011