Two-dimensional conjugated polymers (2D CPs) are typically represented by 2D conjugated covalent organic frameworks (COFs) that consist of covalently cross-linked linear conjugated polymers, which possess extended in-plane π-conjugation and out-of-plane electronic couplings. The precise incorporation of molecular building blocks into ordered polymer frameworks through (semi)reversible 2D polycondensation methodologies enables the synthesis of novel polymer semiconductors with designable and predictable properties for various (opto)electronic, spintronic, photocatalytic, and electrochemical applications. Linkage chemistry lays the foundation for this class of synthetic materials and provides a library for subsequent investigations. In this review, we summarize recent advances in synthetic strategies for 2D CPs. By exploring synthetic approaches and the intricate interplay between chemical structure, the efficiency of 2D conjugation, and related physicochemical properties, we are expected to guide readers with a general background in synthetic chemistry and those actively involved in electronic device research. Furthermore, the discussion will appeal to researchers intrigued by the prospect of uncovering novel physical phenomena or mechanisms inherent in these emerging polymer semiconductors. Finally, future research directions and perspectives of highly crystalline and processable 2D CPs for electronics and other cutting-edge fields are discussed.