In this paper, the methodology and determination of surface properties of concrete components using laser triangulation are presented. By applying 3D laser scanning technology, the topics of dimensional accuracy in prefabrication as well as spalling size and damage extent are investigated. The 3D scanning of concrete surfaces is carried out at three scales, ranging from sub-millimeter to decimeter levels. Deviations from the target geometry in the range of hundredths of a millimeter were detected for precast concrete elements with flat ground surfaces. Concrete surface irregularities on the centimeter scale were identified in the analysis of high-temperature-induced concrete spalling. Surface irregularities on the decimeter scale were detected in the investigation of concrete subjected to impact loading. The determination of damage extent on concrete surfaces is relevant in the context of service life assessment and repair evaluation. Using three-dimensional representation of the damaged area, degradation, residual load-bearing capacity, and repair measures can be assessed more accurately.