Background: The functionalization of metallic surfaces aims at promoting the cellular response at the biomaterial-tissue interface. This study investigates the effects of the functionalization of titanium (Ti) microtopography with a calcium phosphate (CaP) coating with and without peptide 15 (P-15), a synthetic peptide analog of the cell-binding domain of collagen I, on the in vitro progression of osteogenic cells. Methods: Sandblasting and acid etching (SBAE; control) Ti microtopography was coated with CaP, enabling the loading of two concentrations of P-15: 20 or 200 μg/mL. A machined Ti was also examined. Rat calvarial osteogenic cells were cultured on Ti disks with the surfaces mentioned above for periods up to 21 days (n = 180 per group). Results: CaP coating exhibited a submicron-scale needle-shaped structure. Although all surfaces were hydrophobic at time zero, functionalization increased hydrophilicity at equilibrium. Microtopographies exhibited a lower proportion of well-spread cells at 4 hours of culture and cells with long cytoplasmic extensions at day 3; modified SBAE supported higher cell viability and larger extracellular osteopontin (OPN) accumulation. For SBAE and modified SBAE, real-time polymerase chain reaction showed the following results: 1) lower levels for runt-related transcription factor 2 at 7 days and for bone sialoprotein at days 7 and 10 as well as higher OPN levels at days 7 and 10 compared to machined Ti; and 2) higher alkaline phosphatase levels at day 10 compared to day 7. At 14 and 21 days, modified SBAE supported higher proportions of red-dye-stained areas (calcium content). Conclusion: Addition of a CaP coating to SBAE Ti by itself may affect key events of in vitro osteogenesis, ultimately resulting in enhanced matrix mineralization; additional P-15 functionalization has only limited synergistic effects.