Due to the superior mechanical characteristics and considerable durability strain-hardening cement-based composites (SHCC) represents a highly promising class of materials for addressing the contemporary challenges in the construction industry. However, the safe application of this material necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the material’s performance under various loading scenarios such as cyclic loading. Furthermore, the assessment of the composite’s behavior mandates consideration of ambient conditions, as the mechanical properties of polymeric fibers are notably influenced by temperature variations. Consequently, the study at hand focuses on the synergistic impact of cyclic loading and varying temperatures on the degradation of SHCC. For this, a cyclic tensionswelling load was applied to pre-damaged dumbbell-shaped specimens at a loading frequency of 1 Hz for 100,000 loading cycles before the residual load-bearing capacity was quantified. The force-controlled upper and lower load levels were set to 80% and 10% of the mean first-crack stresses (ơt,e) of the testing series at the various temperatures. The targeted temperature regimes during the tests were set to −20 °C, 40 °C, and 80 °C, respectively. Subsequently, the fracture surfaces were investigated by means of electron microscopy to determine the degradation caused by the load at the specific temperatures. Finally, the outcomes derived from the experimental tests and microscopic investigations are deliberated to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of deterioration.