Objective: To examine the utilization of physical therapy (PT) and predictors for its use in individuals with osteoarthritis (OA) while focusing on sociodemographic and disease-related factors. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, 657,807 patients (age 30–79 years) diagnosed with hip, knee, or polyarticular OA were identified in claims data. In 2016, a questionnaire including information on disease status, demography, and socioeconomics was sent to a random sample of 8,995 patients stratified by sex, age, and type of diagnosis. Claims data from 2016 included the utilization and type of PT, as well as the prescribing medical specialist, and were linked to questionnaire data. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to determine variables associated with the use of PT. Results: In total, 3,564 (40%) patients completed the questionnaire and agreed to linking questionnaire and claims data (69% female, mean age 66.5 years). In 2016, 50% of the study population received PT at least once, and women received it more frequently than men (53% versus 43%). Most PT was prescribed by orthopedists (45%) and general practitioners (32%). Multivariable logistic regression showed that women, higher household income, having both hip and knee OA, lower functional status, higher disease activity, and individuals living in the eastern, southern, and western states of Germany were associated with an increased utilization of PT. Conclusion: Considering current guideline recommendations and that more than one-third of OA patients with high functional impairment and/or pain did not receive PT in the last 12 months, there is considerable potential for improvement. This is especially true for men and individuals with a low income.