This special issue presents recent advances in the structural behavior and design of bio-based materials, covering developments at the material, structural component, and system levels. It first outlines the background and motivation for the issue, and then synthesizes the insights and key findings of the featured articles. Together, these contributions showcase progress in six thematic areas: mechanical performance of structural members, seismic performance, structural fire design, novel connections, vibrational performance of hybrid structures, and durability and long-term performance.