Purpose: Outcomes of adjuvant (aRT) or salvage radiation therapy (sRT) after radical prostatectomy are under investigation regarding cancer-control outcomes. Methods: Relying on the University Cancer Center database elaborating differences in metastasis-free (MFS), cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS) of aRT vs. sRT-treated patients between 2014–2024. Sensitivity analyses addressed high-risk patients with pN1 and/or Gleason score 8–10 and/or pT3–4 stage. Results: Of 1862 patients, 7.1% underwent aRT and 93% were in the sRT group. Median PSA at sRT was 0.33 ng/ml. Patients with aRT harbored significantly worse baseline tumor and pathological characteristics such as PSA level (12.0 vs. 7.6 ng/ml), Gleason score 9–10 (30% vs. 9.8%), D’Amico high risk prostate cancer (97% vs. 56%), as well as pT3–4, pN1 and positive surgical margins rates (all p < 0.001). Similar observations were made for high-risk patients. No differences were observed for aRT vs. sRT with 60-month MFS rates of 85.1% vs. 95.4% (hazard ratio [HR] 0.60, p = 0.18). 60-months CSS-rates of 96.8% vs. 99.1% and 60-month OS-rates of 91.0% vs. 89.1% respectively (all p ≥ 0.15). Neither sensitivity analyses of high-risk patients nor multivariable adjusted Cox regression models revealed significant differences regarding MFS, CSS or OS in aRT vs. SRT comparison (all p ≥ 0.05), despite aRT showing qualitatively better OS results. Conclusion: Within real-world setting, patients undergoing aRT harbor wore tumor characteristics. However, these differences did not translate into significant differences of mid-term oncological outcomes, relative to sRT patients. Similar observations were made within analyses of high-risk patients with pT3–4 and/or Gleason 8–10 and/or pN1 stage, nevertheless aRT showed slightly higher OS rates within this subgroup.