Pulp and paper manufacturing covers approximately 15% of the non-energetic utilization of wood. The roughly 3000 existing paper and board grades require advanced processes of mechanical and chemical defibration and fibrillation as well as paper and board manufacturing and converting machinery, representing a high-tech industry with strong focus on bio-economy, sustainability, and renewability. The main raw material for virgin fibers derives from selected wood species, but also many non-wood plants can be exploited for paper and board production. This chapter gives essential information and facts to the current pulp and paper industry and substantial paper manufacturing processes, a biobased sector using wood fibers manifold thanks to a worldwide-established paper recycling system.