Paratonsillar abscesses are preferably treated by abscess tonsillectomy as operative therapy. The casuistry of a patient aged 17 who was tonsillectomized for a paratonsillar abscess and died after 12 days prompted a discussion on the scope of preoperative diagnostics. The clinical examination and anamnesis of the young man prior to the operation did not give evidence of any concomitant diseases. It was only through extensive microscopic investigations of the myocardium after autopsy that inflammatory infiltrates of the epicardium, endocardium and myocardium in the vicinity of portions of the conduction system were detected. The relevance of autopsy to the quality assurance in clinical activities is emphasized. Legal questions of possible negligent homicide as a result of the failure to take diagnostic and therapeutic measures are raised.