There are strong indications that high-temperature superconductivity in the cuprates is formed amid competing orders, but only two have been observed unambiguously. The so-called stripe order has been observed in a Lanthanum-based cuprate family and consists of coexisting charge-and-spin modulations and occurs at a characteristic dopant concentration in which the critical temperature Tc has a dip. Now, Ghiringhelli et al. (p. 821, published online 12 July; see the Perspective by Tranquada) have used resonant inelastic x-ray scattering to uncover a related but apparently two-dimensional charge order in the much cleaner YBCO cuprate family. The charge fluctuations were not commensurate with the lattice and did not originate in the characteristic oxygen chains of YBCO. The order appeared only in a narrow interval of dopant concentrations and competed with superconductivity, which provides a natural explanation for a plateau in Tc observed in the same range.