The manuscript provides a comprehensive study of the design and utilization of graphene-based prototypes designed to detect catechol molecules. Graphene has been one of the pioneering nanomaterials in the current era due to its exceptional electromechanical and thermal characteristics. Because of its remarkable aspect ratio and exceptional charge carrier properties, it has been used in various physicochemical forms to develop electrodes for electrochemical sensing applications. Catechol represents one of the toxic organic compounds that is present in naturally occurring fruits and vegetables. Exposure to catechol, even in small amounts, causes disastrous nerve-related issues. This paper underscores the research conducted on detecting catechol molecules using prototypes using certain graphene allotropes like bare graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide. Graphene has also been mixed with other processing materials in the form of nanomaterials and polymers to develop pure and nanocomposite electrochemical sensors. Each of these prototypes has been robust and efficient with regards to their linear range, sensitivity, operating values, and response time. The last part of the manuscript elucidates the current challenges and proposes potential remedies.