Introduction Increasing evidence suggests that superoxide ions produced by NOX (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases) mediate vascular effects of Ang II (angiotensin II) evoked by atherogenic diets. Here, we analyzed the mechanism by which NOX2 contributes to Ang II-induced ET-1 (endothelin 1) production in human microvascular endothelial cells. Methods: The effects of high-fat diet were compared between WT (wild type) and Nox2 (mouse NOX2 gene)-deficient mice. ET-1 production and NOX2 expression by human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro were analyzed by ELISA, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, promoter deletions, RNA interference, and pharmacological inhibition. Production of superoxide anions was visualized by fluorescent cell labeling.

Results: Feeding mice high-fat diet for 10 weeks increased cardiac expression and plasma levels of Ang II and ET-1 in WT but not in Nox2-deficient animals. Exposure of human microvascular endothelial cells to Ang II resulted in increased ET-1 production, which could be blocked by silencing NOX2 (human NOX2 gene). Ang II promoted NOX2 expression through induction of the Oct-1 (human/mouse octamer binding transcription factor 1 protein) and activation of the NOX2 promoter region containing Oct-1-binding sites. Stimulation of NOX2 expression by Ang II was associated with increased production of superoxide anions. Inhibition of Oct-1 by small interfering RNA reduced Ang II-induced NOX2 expression and superoxide anion production, and neutralization of superoxide by SOD (superoxide dismutase) abolished Ang II-stimulated ET1 (human ET-1 gene) promoter activity, ET1 mRNA expression, and ET-1 release.

Conclusions: Ang II may promote ET-1 production in the endothelium in response to atherogenic diets through a mechanism that involves the transcription factor Oct-1 and the increased formation of superoxide anions by NOX2.